• What Actually IS Associated With NAPLEX Pass Rates? (Part 1)

    Historically, admission into pharmacy school was more selective and most students could feel confident in passing the NAPLEX no matter where they enrolled. However, the landscape has shifted. We’ve seen a rapid expansion in the number of pharmacy programs set against a sharp decline in the applicant pool. From the 2022-2023 application cycle, PharmCAS reported that 86.8% of applicants were accepted to a pharmacy program, significantly up from the 30-50% range 15-20 years ago. At the same time, NAPLEX pass rates are also declining, down to 74.3% in 2024 from 85.8% in 2020.

    As a data nerd, I decided to analyze specific school attributes to see how they actually correlate with NAPLEX first-time pass rates. My goal is to provide a data-driven look at which factors truly influence your chances of passing the NAPLEX on the first try. I also want to show that data analysis and statistics doesn’t have to boring, and maybe even a little fun!

    The Data

    I made a data set from information available to me from PharmCAS, NABP, and pharmacy school websites. I compiled the type of program (public or private), program length (traditional 4-year vs. others), the age of the program (in years, as of 2024), class size (based on number of first attempts), and whether the program is part of a tier 1 or tier 2 research university to see if any of that could provide me with some insight on a program’s percentage of students who pass the NAPLEX on the first try.

    One disclaimer: The pass rate data is from 2024, which means many students were enrolled during the COVID-19 pandemic. At some point I might find the time to update my data with 2025, especially since the mean pass rate came up that year, but let’s see what we can find with this anyway.

    Visualizing Variables

    I thought it might be fun to just explore some scatter plots and descriptive statistics. Right off the bat, it looks like there might be some correlation between a lower US News ranking (higher number) and lower pass rates.

    Next, I looked at the program age. There also appears to be some correlation between the age of the program (with older programs being a higher number) and first time pass rate.

    Some other interesting insights with the binary data: public institutions have a higher mean pass score relative to private institutions (80% vs. 72%, p<0.001) and 4-year programs have a higher mean pass score than other types of program lengths (77% vs. 71%, p=0.02).

    Additionally, there appears to be some correlation between class size and pass rate (larger classes have higher pass rates) and between the age of the program and rank (older programs tend to be ranked higher).

    Programs that are affiliated with tier 1 and tier 2 research institutions also tend to have higher mean pass rates than those that are not (81% for tier 1, 78% for tier 2, and 71% for others, p<0.001).

    Mystery Solved?

    On first glance, it looks like programs that are older, public, 4 years, and have a higher US News ranking are more likely to provide more of their graduates with a successful first-time pass rate. While these scatter plots show us a correlation, they don’t necessarily tell us the whole truth. For example: Does the 4-year structure actually help, or do those schools just happen to be the ones with higher research tiers or ranks? Does a school’s rank actually predict pass rates, or is the ranking just reflecting the fact that those schools are mostly large, public universities? When we account for the age of the program, do private schools actually perform differently than public ones, or are the lower pass rates we see just a symptom of being newer schools?

    In Part 2, we will dive into some more robust analyses. I’ll share the results of a multiple linear regression to see which of these factors actually holds weight when we control for the others. We’ll also look at some diagnostics to make sure our model isn’t just hallucinating patterns (a little thing called collinearity). Stay tuned!

  • Not All Who Wander Have Lost Their Focus (They Just Have ADHD)

    The last time I regularly posted here, I was a pharmacy student just trying to survive the next exam. At the time, this blog was a way to process the stress of school and find some semblance of balance.

    If you’ve been away for a while (like I have), a lot has happened.

    I didn’t just finish pharmacy school. I kept going. added a PhD to my PharmD, moved from “student” to “pharmacist” to “researcher,” and traded my study guides for data sets. On a personal level, I got married and became a mother. By all accounts, I’ve “arrived” at the professional goals I was dreaming about back in those early pharmacy school posts. Oh, but then another thing happened. I also got diagnosed with ADHD later in life. And as any ADHD brain knows, “arriving” doesn’t mean the wandering stops.

    I’ve realized that while my identity is deeply rooted in being a pharmacist and a scientist, I still need a sandbox. I need a place where I don’t have to be “Dr.” or “mom” for a second. A place to explore the hyper-fixations, the creative side-quests, and the data-driven curiosities that don’t always fit into a HEOR study or a bedtime story.

    I’m calling this my “off-label” life. In the medical world, off-label use is about taking something established and finding a new, unexpected purpose for it. That’s what I’m doing here. I’m taking the analytical, curious, and admittedly scatter-brained parts of my personality and giving them a home again.

    I’m not sure exactly what this blog will look like this time around. It might be a deep dive into a new hobby, a reflection on neurodiversity in the workplace, or just a snapshot of life as a double-doctorate parent. Whatever it is, I’m glad to be back. It’s been a long time, but I think the best parts of the story are just starting.

  • Being a 5’10 female, I often get asked if I ever played basketball. I always want to be one to shatter stereotypes, but it is true.

    When I was younger, I really got into basketball. I mean REALLY. Living in Illinois at the time, I got to grow up watching and idolizing Michael Jordan. Like Mike, I found a true love for basketball. I could play all day, and often did. I was on many different teams and went to a few basketball camps. Like Mike, my dad played a huge role in my development as a basketball player. He built the basketball goal that still sits in the driveway of my childhood home, and at that goal he’s played me in countless games of one-on-one. Even though he had a four hour round-trip commute to work, he somehow still found the time and energy to help coach some of my basketball teams. I never enjoyed something so much, and my competitive side wanted me to be so good at it. Like Mike, I wanted to be a professional basketball player.

    Unfortunately, that flame for basketball started to flicker. After I moved to Texas, I had some coaches that were great at sucking all the fun from something I used to love so much. When it came time to sign up for high school classes, the block schedule forced me to choose between basketball and band. I also started to really enjoy playing percussion by that point. It was a tough decision, but like a true nerd, I went with band in high school.

    I had a lot of fun on drumline, and I still love playing the occasional basketball game for fun, but for a long time a part of me felt like I failed at my dream. I wanted to be just like Mike, and I quit.

    But since then I’ve learned my life has new dreams, and there’s nothing wrong with that. And best of all, I can still be like Mike. One of my favorite quotes by him came from his Hall of Fame speech. He said, “Limits, like fears, are often just an illusion.” I try to remind myself of that all the time, and it’s inspired me to go out of my comfort zone and try new things I may not have tried before, such as running for officer positions in student organizations. I used to quit things easily because I failed the first time I tried something. And then I remember: The greatest basketball player of all time was once cut from his high school basketball team. Obviously he didn’t let that get to him, and I shouldn’t let myself feel so put down over something I don’t succeed at the first time either. Most of all, Mike has taught me to do what you love, whatever it may be. You won’t find any reward in doing something you aren’t passionate about.

    So, even though I may not have become the best basketball player in the WNBA, I still wanna be like Mike.

  • Whatever it is you do.

    I know that in some fields it’s easier to do than others. It’s easy for me to see that if I make a mistake in a pharmacy, the consequences could be detrimental, and even life-threatening. And that’s what will always keep me on my toes. But for some, say the person working in a call center or the person standing at a cash register day in and day out, it’s not always easy to see why your job matters so much and who it makes an impact on.

    But I want to remind you that no matter how insignificant you may feel, the consequences of every action you take ripple out and will ultimately impact someone. You may not notice it, but it does.

    The other day, I was driving from Oklahoma City to Fort Worth, a three-hour drive that I’ve taken many times before, but this particular time my car battery light came on, my check engine light came on, and my car started slowing down while I was driving on the highway. I’ll later find out that one of my belts broke, but at the time I knew I was in a situation where my car would no longer be drivable in a few seconds. I pulled over to the side of the road, and called Allstate’s Roadside Assistance for a tow truck. While on the phone, the lady on the other line (we’ll call her Betty) called a towing company for me, gave me the phone number to call them in case I needed it, and told me I should expect them within an hour.

    So, there I sat. An hour passes and I don’t see a tow truck, but I give them the benefit of the doubt. After about an hour and a half, I call the towing company to confirm someone is on the way and make sure they didn’t get lost, and they inform me that Betty hadn’t faxed them any of my information, so they didn’t know where to get me. I’d have to call Allstate back to make sure the information gets sent to them, and I gave the towing company my location so someone could be on their way. I ended up waiting a total of three hours for a tow truck thanks to Betty’s mistake. An already stressful situation was made a lot worse, especially considering it was the middle of a summer day in the south and, as my luck would have it, one of the few times I didn’t have a bottle of water with me.

    I try not to blame Betty too much. I get that honest mistakes happen. I also get that it’s hard for someone to feel a lot of sympathy for a mere voice on the other end of a phone call while sitting in a cubicle, making about $10 an hour, with problems of their own in life to deal with. But I wish more of the Betty’s of the world realized that the care they put into their job is just as important as the care a surgeon or scientist puts into theirs. Had the engineer who designed my car parts done a better job the situation could have been avoided altogether. Had the towing company called Allstate right away when they didn’t receive a fax, I could have been helped sooner. Had the sheriff who drove right by made a quick stop to make sure I was okay, I wouldn’t have felt so worried about sitting there for so long in the heat. We all rely on each other, and it’s important for all of us not to forget that.

  • If there’s one thing I wish they had stricter criteria on for pharmacy applicants, it’s pharmacy experience. Most people in my class do have some to an extent, but it always amazes me when a classmate tells me they haven’t even so much as shadowed a pharmacist before pharmacy school. Usually they have amazing grades, PCAT scores, and other extracurricular activities to make up for it, but at the end of the day there’s no substitute for pharmacy experience.

    Back when I was thinking about PA school, one of the things that held me back was a lack of patient contact experience. Most schools require a minimum of 1000 hours before you apply. Considering that a PA is a second career for many people, and consequently most of your competition is full-time nurses, EMTs, anesthesia techs, and the like, 1000 hours isn’t even that much. Why do they require so much? Because it’s a very patient-oriented field and they want to know you’re completely comfortable with it. Ultimately I realized I didn’t want that much patient contact, but I’m glad I hadn’t spent time in PA school before realizing it.

    On the same note, pharmacy school should require a certain number of hours in a pharmacy for applicants. It can be through volunteering, shadowing, or working as a pharmacy tech. It can be in the setting of the applicant’s choice, be it retail, hospital, compounding, etc. But it should be something.

    For starters, if everyone has a certain amount of experience, We wouldn’t have as much of a need for so many IPPE hours, or we could at least be trusted to do more at our sites. I don’t know what kind of impression other P1s left before me, but every time I went to a new site, it seemed like the preceptor would assume I just randomly woke up one morning and decided to go to pharmacy school without actually setting foot in a pharmacy. And maybe that’s how it is for some students, but personally I don’t need an extensive tour of every single pharmacy I go to, as if their way of arranging the drugs is SO different from another pharmacy that I couldn’t figure it out. Nor do I need to sit there and watch everyone work as they try explaining to me what drug classes are, or how to count pills, or how to choose which size container to use. If there’s one thing I hate, it’s standing around when I know I could be doing something. So I’ve learned to bring up my past experience from the start, so my preceptor can start trusting me with more responsibilities at the site and I can actually learn something.

    More importantly, however, pharmacy school is a four-year and very large financial commitment, and it’s important to know the pros and cons before getting into it. A couple posts ago, when I talked about the cynics, it was inspired by coworkers from my past job who would constantly complain about pharmacy at lunch. The nurses suck. The management sucks. The techs suck. The job saturation sucks. Robots are taking over the world, but it starts with pharmacy. Yadda yadda yadda. Every. Single. Day. And yet, I’m still so happy to be in pharmacy school and excited about being a pharmacist. It didn’t deter me from applying, and even the bashing I hear from coworkers now is not going to stop me from continuing through until graduation. I know what I’m getting into, and still see the benefit in it.

    What I’ve come to realize though, is that most people apply to pharmacy school without knowing the common complaints. For example, I’ve already seen several people surprised that pharmacists don’t always work steady schedules. Well, I don’t know what made you think patients only needed their drugs between 8am and 5pm, but sorry if you were misled. I’ve already dealt with the unsteady schedule, working holidays, and up to 14-hour shifts, and even though some pharmacists do have a steady schedule, I don’t mind if mine’s not, so that’s one “con” I’m okay with. Some also didn’t realize how much the job outlook slowed down. A few years ago, people were getting cash bonuses just to work for chains, now those same chains in a lot of cities are only offering part-time floating positions. Yes, the job market is more competitive, but so is any field in this economy. I don’t mind competition, and can see other areas where pharmacy will eventually grow, so that’s another “con” I’m okay with. A few others are just now realizing that their cliche passion to “help people” includes ALL people, including some of the most unappreciative and rude human beings to ever grace the planet, and are unsure if they still want a job that deals with others so often. I know how to shrug people off, so that’s another “con” I can live with.

    So, neeedless to say, some classmates are already questioning their decision and looking at other fields, and it sucks that they’re realizing it after a year of pharmacy school. It makes sense why some didn’t put much thought into it before, because as pre-pharms all we ever heard from the representatives of pharmacy schools was how pharmacy is so awesome. And pharmacy is awesome. You get to serve others and matter to patients, you usually work only 40 hour weeks, you get great pay and benefits, and its a very respectable profession. But it’s not perfect, and it takes getting out into the real world of working pharmacists to discover those imperfections and see if it’s something you still want to pursue.

  • Social media has revolutionized how we interact in many ways, but one of the biggest might be how much we constantly know each others’ business. I’m not complaining, as it’s something I’ve come to accept. When I share things on my Facebook, they are generally things directed to a certain group of people, but I don’t mind that everyone else can see it because I’m too lazy to go through the hassle of limiting everything for possible individual circumstances. If there was something I really didn’t want someone to see, even if they aren’t on my friends list, I just wouldn’t post it. I treat my relatively “private” profile as if anyone could see it, because in reality I have no control over someone on my friends list getting on a computer and showing someone not on my friends list something on my page. I doubt it happens often, but nevertheless it’s a possibility.

    When it comes to having a blog, I have to be even more careful because it is more available to anyone and everyone. When you also throw in the fact that this blog has a professional theme, I really have to watch what I say because I could possibly jeopardize my future reputation as a pharmacist. Words are powerful. It can be a great tool to provide a loud voice in your profession, but it can also come back to bite you. All it takes is one person to take something the wrong way, even if you didn’t intend for your thoughts to come across that way.

    I’m going to inevitably say something that someone doesn’t agree with. I can’t please everyone, and even within this profession, people constantly argue over various things. I just hope most people remember that “pharmacy student” is only a small part of who I am. I don’t want to be afraid of being myself to the extent that you can’t see the individual behind the words. Though I strive to have a higher standard for how I conduct myself than the general population, at the end of the day I’m still human. I don’t always take things seriously, I’m quirky, and I have flaws. Pharmacy school is one of those key times in my life where I’m going to learn a lot and experience many new things, and I can learn a lot about myself by going back through old entries and seeing how my perspective has changed. I’d rather go back to read something and go, “Wow… I was silly!” than have nothing to reflect on at all.

    I have many different interests and talents outside the world of pharmacy, and some of those might entail things that don’t involve being very professional. Though I may have some funny drunk pictures on Facebook, or the mouth of a sailor in reaction to a sports game on my Twitter feed, I would never let those traits overlap into how I function in a pharmacy setting. As long as I can keep my work and play time separate, I don’t see the harm. As pharmacists, we’re supposed to have great social skills and be able to interact well with others, and I don’t see how upholding some uptight professional attitude in all walks of life will do that. It’s not who I am, and if you don’t like it, feel free to take your prescription to the robot at Walgreens.

  • You know who they are. They’re why your two-hour road trip feels like eight. They’re why you don’t watch sports with certain friends. They’re the buzzkills of life. They’re everywhere, and the world of pharmacy isn’t immune to them.

    But here’s the thing… the ones in pharmacy are the ones who have the least to complain about. Yes, I’m calling you out, you middle-aged doom and gloom party poopers. You only had to get a bachelors degree, you graduated with FAR less debt, and you still get to ride the six-figure salary train with the rest of us. When the PharmD was standardized, nobody said you had to go back to school. You got to enjoy the fruits of increased wages and bonuses during the shortage, and now that things have died down a bit you think things are heading for the worst.

    I mean, do you know how many bachelor degrees pay six figures? Not many. Even if your job was heaving piles of cow manure into a fan that only splatters it back in your face, you should be happy because you’re making six figures with a friggin’ bachelors degree. You know what I was doing with my bachelors degree? Working as a pharmacy tech. Does that sounds pathetic to you? I have friends with bachelors degrees that have even worse jobs with worse pay. And in this economy, we’re all supposed to sit here and pat ourselves on the back for even having a job at all.

    So, sorry if I can’t really empathize with all of your complaints. You sound like that spoiled kid in high school who thinks it’s weird that not everyone’s parents can buy them a car. You don’t really know how bad it is for others.

    The younger generation of students and pharmacists are going through a minimum of six, but more often 8 or more years of school to get our PharmDs. Most of us will also graduate with a lot of student loan debt, many in the six-figure range, so even though we’ll be making the same good money as our elders, it won’t seem like as much when we’re putting away so much of our paychecks to pay our loans back. Yet we don’t seem to be complaining so much.

    Maybe it’s because my generation has a different perspective. Pharmacy has its own issues, especially on the retail side of things, but no job is perfect. Personally, I’m glad I’ve worked those crappy grocery store jobs all those years in high school and undergrad, because it gave me such an appreciation for pharmacy. Many jobs have difficult customers, lazy coworkers, stressful situations, cranky bosses, etc. But how many do you get to be so important and get paid so well for doing it? Not many, but pharmacy is one of them.

    Perhaps knowing the obstacles we face, we’re more willing to look to the different opportunities pharmacy has to offer. So what if a robot can dispense a few pills quicker than a human? When it comes to whose better at counseling, unless you have the personality of a leafblower, a pharmacist should win. We also know the power of social networking and technology, and we’re generally very good at both. Wherever one door closes, another might open where we could utilize our skills in those areas.

    I get it though. I’m just a student. Even though I have a fair amount of experience under my belt, I’ve really just dipped my feet in pharmacy’s waters. I don’t know what it’s like to work the same job for 30 years and feel burned out. And maybe it doesn’t matter how good the job is anyway. Most people are just naturally prone to being cynical after a certain point of time. But I hope not, and I’m going to remain optimistic that I won’t become one of them.

  • Ok, so I finally got enough breathing room in the middle of all these exams to write a quick post about Warrior Dash.

    It. Was. Awesome!

    I don’t think I’ll be able to do a “normal” 5K now. It’ll just be too boring. No mud? No fire? Nobody wearing a viking hat or painted like a tiger? No grown men running around in loin cloths and tutus? Lame!

    I didn’t think the obstacles were that bad. Some were kind of scary though. There were a couple of walls I had to scale, and they were decently high. I know I’ve been on roller coasters that were way taller, but I’m strapped in on those. It’s a lot different when the only thing between me and the ground is some tired slippery hands gripping the rope or side if the wall. I still managed though.

    Of course, the last obstacle is a disgusting pool of mud with barbed wire over it, so everyone is forced to crawl through it. I jumped right in, and got mud everywhere but on my face. I mean everywhere. They have a “Warrior Wash” where you can get sprayed down with water hoses, and even after that I was finding mud in places when I showered later.

    I knew about the mud though, and I wore a really old pair of shoes knowing I’d probably never be able to wear them again. In fact, because most people don’t plan on using their shoes again, they have donation pile where people can just throw their muddy shoes. An organization takes them, cleans them up, and donates them to the needy.

    The two things I forgot to bring that would have been nice were sunscreen and towels. Towels would have been great after the “Warrior Wash”, but luckily the weather was nice enough that we dried quickly anyway. Actually, the weather couldn’t have been more perfect. Not too hot or too cold. Just sunny… which is why the sunscreen would have been helpful. But since I wasn’t spending the afternoon by the pool or at the beach, I forgot to think to bring it, so now I definitely have a nice burn from it.

    I might be a beer snob, but after all of that, the free Miller Lite was just what I needed. It might not have the flavor of a Belgian or IPA, but it’s more refreshing. Plus it was free. Laura’s laws of snobbery state that any beer you didn’t pay for tastes better. The exception is if a guy bought it for you, then you are still free to judge both the beer and the guy. But I digress…  I had a lot of fun and plan on doing another one at some point. There are other Warrior Dash-like 5Ks such as Jailbreak and a zombie run coming up in the next few months. The zombie one looks just was awesome as it sounds… basically Warrior Dash with “zombies” chasing you. Yep, probably gonna have to do that one!

  • I’ve noticed when running, that that hardest part is finishing that last bit to the end. The beginning of my run was easy. I was so full of energy and had pep in every step as I bounce along in my shoes. But by the end I am exhausted. Sweat is pouring down my face, my legs are going numb, and I question if it’s even possible to push through that last bit. I want to just quit. It’d be so easy, but I can’t allow myself that option. I have to continue. I made a commitment to finish what I started, and if I have the slightest ounce of energy in me to keep going then I will. Even though every step feels like it weighs more and more, I know how satisfying it will be to know I didn’t give up when I could. The finish line is so close I can almost see it, so as tedious as it may seem, I take a deep breath and push myself forward.

    That’s basically how I feel at this point in the semester.

  • I just realized it’s been a few weeks since I updated this thing. This semester has been a lot busier for me than the last one, so things like blogs that only a handful of people read tend to get put on the backburner. It’s not just because I’ve had a job, but I’m devoting more time to studying lately. Unlike last semester where I’ve had some of the classes before, this semester is mostly new stuff. I have had immunology in undergrad, but it was one of those classes where I took the exam and immediately forgot everything I memorized. So I guess I’ll learn and forget it again!

    Spring break was way too short. It was such a little tease, making me think I already started summer vacation, and then in the blink of an eye I had to return to school for another month and a half. It’s like someone lets you take a bite of the juiciest, meatiest cheeseburger ever, but then you set it down on the plate for a second, and someone takes it all away from you. You were starving for that cheeseburger too. You’ve been eating nothing but salads all semester and you just wanted something that reminded you of a world where things are happy. I digress. Since spring break and until finals we have at least an exam a week. Personally, I like when they’re spaced out like that though because it gives me several days to focus on an exam at a time. Last semester we would have a couple weeks of absolutely nothing and then “oh crap I have three exams this week.”

    I’m sure it’s a super cliche thing for pharmacy students to say, and it won’t be the last time I say it, but this semester has also flown by pretty quickly. We only have a month left, and then I get a nice long summer break. I can’t wait to chill at a Rangers game, float the river, or simply read a book by the pool. Ahhh it’s going to be heavenly to just… relax. Thinking about it makes me super happy I didn’t go to one of the three-year programs I was admitted to. I would have had a two week summer break. No thank you!

    PS – For those wondering, my parents, the dogs, and the house are okay. Between 6 and 13 tornadoes touched down in Dallas-Fort Worth Tuesday, but none were close to them. DFW is pretty huge. You can drive an hour and a half and still be in the metroplex, but nonetheless it’s still scary. After seeing  pictures like these it’s a miracle nobody died!

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